ABSTRACT
The cocoa and palm oil agro-industries active in the state of Bahia, Brazil, generate high quantities of lignocellulosic wastes that could be recycled through their use in the formulation of substrates to cultivate edible mushrooms. Pleurotus ostreatus, also known as oyster mushroom, is the second most cultivated mushroom in the world due to its highly appreciated gastronomic, nutritional, and medicinal characteristics. This work evaluated the vertical mycelium growth, biological efficiency, mushroom yield, and nutritional composition of P. ostreatus produced in substrates formulated with a combination of palm oil fruit mesocarp (POFM) and cocoa almond peels (CAP) processing wastes. The substrates were formulated with the following POFM/CAP proportions (%/%): S1 86.4/9.6; S2 76.8/19.2; S3 67.2/28.8; S4 57.6/38.4, and S5 48.0/48.0. Substrates also received 3% powdered charcoal and 1% calcium carbonate. Substrates S1, S2, S3, and S4 were superior for vertical mycelium growth. S2 promoted the best biological efficiency (148.8%) and yield (560.5g·kg-1).The mushrooms produced in all substrates presented good nutritional values, although mushrooms produced using the S2 presented the highest crude protein content. Overall, S1 is the recommended substrate as it results in higher yields of nutrient rich mushrooms. Production of P. ostreatus in substrates composed of POFM and CAP represents a good alternative for recycling these wastes with potential economic and ecological benefits to regions where palm oil and cocoa are grown.(AU)
As indústrias de cacau e óleo de dendê no estado da Bahia, Brasil, geram grandes quantidades de resíduos lignocelulósicos que podem ser reciclados na formulação de substratos para o cultivo de cogumelos comestíveis. Pleurotus ostreatus ou cogumelo ostra é o segundo cogumelo mais cultivado no mundo por apresentar características gastronômicas, nutricionais e medicinais muito apreciadas. Este estudo avaliou o crescimento micelial vertical, a eficiência biológica, a produção e a composição nutricional de P. ostreatus produzido em substratos formulados com a combinação de resíduos do processamento de frutos de dendê (mesocarpo do fruto de dendê MFD) e de amêndoas de cacau (tegumento de amêndoas de cacau TAC). Os substratos foram formulados com as seguintes proporções de MFD e TAC (%/%): S1: 86,4/9,6; S2: 76,8/19,2; S3: 67,2/28,8; S4: 57,6/38,4 e S5: 48,0/48,0. Os substratos também receberam 3% de carvão e 1% de carbonato de cálcio. Os substratos S1, S2, S3 e S4 foram superiores quanto ao crescimento micelial vertical. S2 promoveu os melhores resultados para eficiência biológica (148,8%) e produção (560.5 g·kg-1). Os cogumelos produzidos em todos os substratos apresentaram valores nutricionais promissores. Entretanto, os cogumelos produzidos com o substrato S2 apresentaram o maior conteúdo de proteína bruta. De modo geral, S1 é o substrato recomendado por resultar na maior produção de cogumelos ricos em nutrientes. A produção de P. ostreatus em substratos compostos por MFD e TAC representa uma boa alternativa para a reciclagem desses resíduos com potenciais benefícios econômicos e ecológicos para as regiões produtoras de dendê e cacau.(AU)
Subject(s)
Cacao , Palm Oil , Pleurotus , Mycelium , Waste Products , Substrates for Biological Treatment , Elaeis guineensis , Agaricales , Efficiency , Prunus dulcisABSTRACT
Among the most common human diseases with immune system compromise are autoimmune diseases, cancer, and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Many of these diseases still have no treatment or their therapies have undesirable side effects. This has aroused a great interest in the search for new natural products with therapeutic potential and scientifically proven effects, showing minimal side effects. Formal clinical and pharmacological investigation in various medicinal fungi of the genus Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae) has shown immunomodulatory effects and tumor growth inhibition in mammals, attributable to the presence of immunomodulatory proteins and other secondary metabolites. To date, six fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) have been reported in Ganoderma. This paper seeks to advance in the discovery of immunomodulatory proteins present in Ganoderma australe, through mycelium transcriptome 454 Roche® pyrosequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analyses. The results suggest the presence of gene sequences related to an immunomodulatory protein which has been reported in another fungal species Taiwanofungus camphoratus. The candidate gene sequences found in G. australe exhibit high identity values in their amino acid composition and predicted protein secondary structure with the protein reported for Tai. camphoratus. According to present knowledge about the action mechanisms of these proteins, it is possible to suggest that this is a promising molecule for the treatment and prevention of diseases associated with certain immune deficiencies, cancer, and other diseases with compromised immune systems. Future studies are proposed in order to determine its immunomodulatory potential using in vitro and in vivo assays.
Enfermedades comunes como las autoinmunes, el cáncer y el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida aún no tienen tratamiento o sus terapias tienen efectos secundarios indeseables. Ello ha suscitado el interés en la investigación de bioproductos con potencial terapéutico, que no impliquen efectos secundarios. Investigaciones farmacológicas y clínicas en algunos hongos medicinales del género Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae) han comprobado efectos inmunomoduladores e inhibidores de crecimiento tumoral en mamíferos, atribuibles a la presencia de proteínas fúngicas inmunomoduladoras (FIPs) y otros metabolitos secundarios. Este trabajo busca avanzar en el descubrimiento de proteínas inmunomoduladoras presentes en Ganoderma australe, mediante la secuenciación del transcriptoma de micelio por tecnología de pirosecuenciación 454 Roche® (RNA-seq) y análisis bioinformáticos. Los resultados sugieren la presencia de secuencias génicas relacionadas con una proteína inmunomoduladora que se ha reportado en la especie de hongos Taiwanofungus camphoratus. Las secuencias génicas candidatas halladas en G. australe exhiben una altos valores de similitud en sus predicciones de composición aminoacídica y estructura secundaria proteica con la proteína reportada para Tai. camphoratus. Los mecanismos de acción de este tipo de proteínas inmunomoduladoras sugieren que se trata de una molécula con potencial promisorio para el tratamiento y prevención de enfermedades con compromiso del sistema inmunológico y el cáncer. Se proponen nuevos estudios que permitan determinar el potencial inmunomodulador de la proteína hipotética hallada mediante estudios in vivo e in vitro.